One of the world’s oldest biblical texts read for the first time
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The En-Gedi scroll was a lump of crumbling coal for over 1,700 years, but a new technique "unwrapped" it.
Annalee Newitz
When the En-Gedi scrolls were
excavated from an ancient synagogue's Holy Ark in the 1970s, it was a
bittersweet discovery for archaeologists. Though the texts provided
further evidence for an ancient Jewish community in this oasis near the
Dead Sea, the scrolls had been reduced to charred lumps by fire. Even
the act of moving them to a research facility caused more damage. But
decades later, archaeologists have read parts of one scroll for the
first time. A team of scientists in Israel and the US used a
sophisticated medical scanning technique, coupled with algorithmic
analysis, to "unwrap" a parchment that's more than 1,700 years old.
Found in roughly the same area as the Dead Sea
Scrolls, the En-Gedi scrolls were used by a Jewish community in the
region between the 8th century BCE and 6th century CE. In the year 600
CE, the community and its temple were destroyed by fire. Archaeologists
disagree on the exact historical provenance of the En-Gedi
scrolls—carbon dating suggests fourth century, but stratigraphic
evidence points to a date closer to the second. Either way, these
scrolls could provide a kind of missing link between the biblical texts
of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the traditional biblical text of the Tanakh
found in the Masoretic Text from roughly the 9th century. As the researchers put it in a paper published in Science Advances:
Dating the En-Gedi scroll to the
third or fourth century CE falls near the end of the period of the
biblical Dead Sea Scrolls (third century BCE to second century CE) and
several centuries before the medieval biblical fragments found in the
Cairo Genizah, which date from the ninth century CE onward. Hence, the
En-Gedi scroll provides an important extension to the evidence of the
Dead Sea Scrolls and offers a glimpse into the earliest stages of almost
800 years of near silence in the history of the biblical text.
How to read a burned scroll with computers
But it wasn't until University of Kentucky computer scientist Brent Seales
developed a technique he calls volume cartography that archaeologists
actually got that "glimpse." Seales had previously worked on a project
to read fire-damaged scrolls from the library of a wealthy Roman whose
home in Herculaneum was destroyed in the Pompeii eruption. He suggested
that Israel Antiquities Authority archaeologist Pnina Shor scan the
scrolls using X-ray micro-CT, which is essentially a very
high-resolution CT scan of exactly the same type you might get in a
hospital. Indeed, Shor explained in a press conference that her team
used a medical imaging facility to produce digital scans that she sent
to Seales to analyze in Kentucky.
Seales used a three-step process of
"segmentation, texturing, and flattening" to recreate the writing on the
surface of one of the scrolls. In segmentation, researchers break the
3D scan down into very small pieces, searching for the surfaces of each
page. Because the scroll wasn't just rolled—but actually crushed and
burned—each page surface has an arbitrary shape. But eventually, Seales
and his team mapped a triangulated surface mesh to each surface and had a
pretty good map of where in the scroll they might find ink.
During the texturing and flattening phase,
Seales writes that "each point on the surface of the mesh is given an
intensity value based on its location in the 3D volume." The higher the
intensity, the more likely it is to be writing. One scroll turned out to
have metal-based ink, which made the process slightly easier. Finally,
during the flattening stage, the team "maps the geometric model (and
associated intensities from the texturing step) to a plane, which is
then directly viewable as a 2D image." In other words, the scroll is
virtually unwrapped, with the letters appearing to glow on its surface.
Of course, the scroll was severely damaged by fire, so there are big
pieces missing.
During a press conference, Seales explained the above image:
If you look at the top edge, the
cutout pattern of the master view image... there are sections that are
missing... Imagine that the scroll is being rolled from the left to the
right across that figure two. On the left are the outermost layers, and
on the right are the innermost layers. The notches along the top edge,
and the larger cutouts actually on the bottom edge as well, those are
places where the layer being unwrapped comes back around—a re-revolution
to a damaged section. After about five complete revolutions, you get to
the right-hand side of the master view and you can see the center of
the scroll. And in those innermost layers, on the center part of the
scroll, you can see scoring marks that look like cracks, but they’re all
lined up. That’s where the scribe probably made lines to follow in
writing the text.
Seales noted that his volume cartography technique will be released as open source software next year.
Historical significance
Once Seales and his team had this
visualization, they still weren't sure what they had. None of them read
Hebrew, so they waited with some excitement while Shor and her
colleagues analyzed the text. It turned out that the scroll contained
the first two chapters of Leviticus, which coincidentally deal with
burnt offerings. What's incredible about these chapters, according to
archaeologist Emanuel Tov, is that they are virtually identical to
medieval Masoretic Text, written hundreds of years later. The En-Gedi
scroll even duplicates the exact paragraph breaks seen later in the
medieval Hebrew. The only difference between the two is that ancient
Hebrew had no vowels, so these were added in the Middle Ages.
Tov called it "100 percent identical with the
medieval texts, both in its consonants and in its paragraph divisions."
He added, "The same central stream of Judaism that used this Levitical
scroll in one of the early centuries of our era was to continue using it
until the late Middle Ages when printing was invented... the scroll
brings the good news that the ancient source or the medieval text did
not change for 2,000 years." In other words, the Jewish community
managed to retain the exact wording in their biblical texts over
centuries, despite massive cultural upheavals and changes to their
languages.
Archaeologist Michael Segal said the En-Gedi
scroll "teaches us that the [biblical] text that we have that is used
today as the traditional text is a very ancient text in all of its
details." He cautioned that of course only the consonants are the same,
and we have yet to read the rest of the En-Gedi scrolls. Still, this
scroll provides strong evidence that today's Tanakh "already existed in a
standardized form in the first century C.E."
A boon to intelligence agents?
The archaeologists involved in this project
are eager to use Seales' software to unwrap other damaged scrolls,
particularly some of the Dead Sea Scrolls. And Seales wants to do more
with the Herculaneum collection to learn more about the reading habits
of ancient Romans.
However, there are many other uses for volume
cartography. Seales admitted that there had been interest from the
intelligence community. "I'm sure that security and intelligence
constantly is looking for ways to extract better information
noninvasively from materials," he said. "So that’s what we’re doing, and
we’re doing it at a very high resolution, so anything that requires the
resolution that goes down to microns in the intelligence world will
probably be interested in this technique."
So if you're considering a career in spycraft,
just remember that burning the evidence may not be enough anymore. The
same technique that allows scientists to read ancient burned scrolls
will allow intelligence agents to read your charred secret messages,
possibly years or decades later.
Science Advances, 2016. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601247
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