Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau gives go-ahead to two oil pipeline projects
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Scott K. Johnson
In the US, the proposed Keystone XL pipeline
meant to carry oil from Alberta, Canada’s oil sands to refineries in
Illinois and on the Gulf Coast ultimately died due to stiff opposition.
That wasn’t the only route Alberta’s oil industry is pursuing to get its
oil to market, though. On Tuesday, Canadian Prime Minister Justin
Trudeau announced decisions on three major pending pipeline projects. One was rejected, but two received a thumbs-up.
The especially controversial Northern Gateway
pipeline would have carried oil from Edmonton, Alberta, to a port in
Kitimat, British Columbia. Trudeau said this new pipeline would not be
approved, citing environmental concerns for the newly protected Great
Bear Rainforest that covers islands along the coast that would see
greatly increased oil tanker traffic.
But a major proposal to expand the capacity of
the Trans Mountain pipeline from Edmonton to a port near Vancouver will
proceed. A second pipeline will be built to parallel the existing one,
boosting the capacity from 300,000 to 890,000 barrels per day. That
will, at least, replace the volume currently being transported to the
coast by rail as it heads to markets in Asia.
A proposed expansion of the Line 3 pipeline
from Edmonton to the port in Superior, Wisconsin, will also be allowed
to go ahead. That would basically replace the existing pipeline and
allow the flow to increase from 390,000 to 760,000 barrels per day.
Alberta’s oil sands are dirtier and more
expensive than your typical barrel of oil. Most oil that is produced
comes from underground reservoirs containing a mix of heavy and light
crude oil, often accompanied by natural gas. Alberta’s oil can’t just be
pumped out of a well. There, tar-choked sandstone sits just below the
forest floor. Energy is required to heat the oil sand (using steam) and
extract heavy crude oil. That means producing a barrel of oil from oil
sands entails greater greenhouse gas emissions—and a higher cost—than a
barrel of conventional oil.
The climatic impact of an oil pipeline is
difficult to predict. Without a change in oil prices, there may be no
change in production—just a shift in the transportation method away from
(more expensive) railroad cars. But if the bottom line changes for oil
producers for any of several reasons, the pipeline can lead to more oil
and more greenhouse gas emissions from the production and transportation
process.
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency estimates show that, together, the two pipelines would increase industry CO2
emissions in Alberta by about 23-28 million tons per year if the new
capacity turns into new production. Alberta’s oil sands are currently
responsible for about 70 million tons per year.
Although this won’t threaten Alberta’s plan to cap the province’s oil industry emissions at 100 million tons per year, increased oil sand production will definitely make it harder
for Canada to meet its promised greenhouse gas reduction targets. As
part of the Paris Agreement, Canada pledged to cut emissions to 30
percent below 2005 levels by 2030.
And, of course, the oil produced in Canada gets burned somewhere, further contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions.
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