In Syria, the Russians maintain the principle of “reasonable employment.”
About two weeks ago, Israel Air Force planes attacked a number of
targets in Latakia, the Syrian port city. In the course of the attack,
the Syrian air-defense system fired a number of anti-air - craft
missiles, one of which hit and knocked down a Russian intelligence plane
and killed 15 crew members. The Russians quickly blamed Israel for the
incident, as there was a security coordination mechanism between the two
countries. The tension with Russia has forced official Israel to
publicly address the issue it maintains in the space of ambiguity – the
campaign between wars.
Senior officials in the political echelon, including Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Min- ister Avigdor Liberman, have been
talking to their counterparts in Russia in an attempt to explain what
happened, and the IDF has even uncovered an IAF investigation into the
operation. According to the find- ings of the investigation, the plane
was shot down by Syrian anti-aircraft fire, and at that time the IAF
planes were in Israeli territory. The Russians are trying to “milk” the
incident as much as they can in order to establish new ground rules in
the North. Their decision to provide S-300 air-de- fense systems to
Syria is just an example of their ability to do so. Nevertheless, it
appears that Israel has adopt- ed a policy similar to that of the
government headed by Shimon Peres, who announced after an incident
during Operation Grapes of Wrath in 1996, in which the IDF fired
artillery at the UN facility in Qana village, Lebanon, that the IDF
fired in order to extract an Israeli Special Forces team from the Maglan
unit, under Nafta- li Bennett’s command, and accidentally hit the
facility, killing about 100 Lebanese civilians. Peres said at the time,
“We are very sorry, but we are not apologizing.”Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu’s close ties with President Vladimir Putin, as well as other
senior Israeli officials with their Russian counterparts, are important,
but countries are not formulating policies based on good relations but
on the basis of interests. Israel has its own interests in the northern
sector, including preventing Iran from establishing itself in Syria and
preventing the arrival of advanced weapons to Hezbollah, which often
clash with Russian inter - ests. Russia has so far shown great
understanding of Israel’s needs, which was expressed almost openly on
May 10 of this year after Netanyahu returned from a parade in Moscow’s
Red Square to commemorate the anniversary of the victory over Nazi
Germany. Netanyahu’s former military secretary, Brig.-Gen. Eliezer
Toledano, said in his farewell address to the prime minister that when
they returned to Israel, the IDF repulsed a rocket attack fired by the
Iranians on its forces in the Golan Heights, and then launched a “sev -
en-fold strike.” This retaliatory operation, Operation House of Cards,
during which Israel Air Force planes attacked more than 50 Syrian
targets belonging to and used by the Iranian Quds Force, was defined by
Toleda- no, a non-sentimental paratroopers officer, as one of the two
most exciting events in which he took part as the prime minister’s
military secretary. On the other event, he said then, he is still not
allowed to tell.
In Syria, the Russians maintain the principle of “reasonable
employment,” which means deploying and operating a minimum of military
force so as to facilitate the promotion of strategic goals and
interests. They have no intention of investing more resources than they
already have. Israel, which enjoys the advantage of domesticity, can
certainly draw its red lines so that they take them seriously into
account and allow it the freedom of action to protect them.
Zvi Magen, Israel’s former ambassador to Russia and currently a senior
researcher at the Institute for Nation- al Security Studies, told Israel
Hayom that at the end of the day, “The Russians know that Israel can
cause them big troubles in Syria, and the last thing they need is con-
frontation with us. These are just some of the reasons why I believe the
changes will be minor.”
ALTHOUGH THE incident demonstrated the potential volatility and
complexity of the northern front, Israel’s freedom of action in the
North is likely to continue. However, there are some insights from the
event. The first, it is obvious, is that when one operates on such a
large scale of attacks as Israel does in Syria, even when it tries to
implement a “zero-fault” policy, failures occur. Second, it is also
obvious that it is best for Israel to exercise extreme caution and avoid
“poking the bear,” as the saying goes, especially when it comes to the
Russian bear, and not to stretch the rope unnecessarily. The campaign
between wars as became a central pillar during the tenure of Chief of
Staff Lt.-Gen. Gadi Eisenkot. Last month the IDF revealed that in the
past year-and-a-half, Israel has conducted about 200 attacks against
Iranian targets in Syria. But even though the concept was established
and anchored in the days of the current chief of staff and his
predecessor, Gen. Benny Gantz, Israel implemented it in the past, even
if not at such broad scales. Brig.-Gen. (res.) Emanuel (Mano) Shaked,
former head of the Paratroopers and Infantry Corps of the IDF in the
early 1970s, who died last month, was responsible for what can be
described as a beta version of the campaign between wars con- cept. The
most famous operation he commanded was Operation Spring of Youth,
against terrorist targets in Beirut in April 1973. Years later Shaked,
who served in the Palmah and commanded a battalion in the para-
troopers, described how during the preparations for the raid in Beirut,
chief of staff David Elazar visited the para- troopers force under the
command of Lt.-Gen. Amnon Lipkin-Shahak (later the chief of staff), who
was tasked with destroying the PFLP headquarters and asked if there were
gaps and problems. One of the officers, Lt. Avida Shor, said there is
“a house adjacent to the house we need to demolish, where there are
civilians,” and was worried they might get hurt. Shor suggested reducing
the amount of explo- sives to reduce the risk to the civilian
population. Gen. Elazar left the decision to Shaked, the commander of
the operation, who decided in accordance with Shor’s proposal.
In the raid, Lipkin-Shahak’s force got into trouble. A small party led
by Shor opened fire and killed the sentries at the front of the PFLP
headquarters, but immediately afterwards they were fired from behind.
Terrorists in a car with a machine gun, which the force did not know
existed, hit them, killed Shor and another soldier and wounded a third
one. Lipkin-Shahak, who maintained his composure, decided to continue
with the mission, and later said that immediately after the force was
exposed, “There was an exchange of fire and throwing grenades from the
high floors of the building, so we shot at the building and took over
its bottom, and the fire stopped.” The force evacuated the wounded and
killed, pre- pared the headquarters for an explosion and retreated under
fire. The building was destroyed and dozens of terrorists were killed.
No damage was caused to the adjacent building. Even then, the Russians
did not show much sympathy for Israeli policy, and in the Pra - vda
newspaper the raiding forces were also described as “gangsters.” But
condemnations are one thing and free- dom of action is another. That
rule applies now as well.
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